metGWAS 1.0: An R workflow for network-driven over-representation analysis between independent metabolomic and meta-genome-wide association studies
The method of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and metabolomics combined provide an quantitative approach to pinpoint metabolic pathways and genes linked to specific diseases; however, such analyses require both genomics and metabolomics datasets from the same individuals/samples. In most cases,…
Low gestational weight gain (+2.0 to 4.9 kg) for singleton-term gestations associated with favorable perinatal outcomes for all prepregnancy obesity classes
Previous studies that evaluated low gestational weight gain or weight loss among prepregnancy obesity classes have not determined the amount of gestational weight gain associated with the lowest risk of adverse perinatal outcomes and neonatal morbidity among singleton term births.…
Early Pregnancy Systolic Blood Pressure Patterns Predict Early- and Later-Onset Preeclampsia and Gestational Hypertension Among Ostensibly Low-to-Moderate Risk Groups
Background Clinical risk factors, a single blood pressure (BP) measurement, current biomarkers, and biophysical parameters can effectively identify risk of early-onset preeclampsia but have limited ability to predict later-onset preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. Clinical BP patterns hold promise to improve…
Blood pressure patterns in the first half of pregnancy improve early prediction of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension
Large-scale data harmonization across prospective studies: The Preconception Period Analysis of Risks and Exposures Influencing health and Development (PrePARED) consortium
The PrePARED consortium creates a novel resource for addressing preconception health by merging cohorts. We describe our data harmonization methods and results. Individual-level data from 12 prospective studies were pooled. The crosswalk-cataloging-harmonization procedure was used. The index pregnancy was defined…
Heterogeneity in Early Postpartum Metabolic Profiles Among Women with GDM Who Progressed to Type 2 Diabetes During 10-Year Follow-Up: The SWIFT Study
GDM is a strong risk factor for progression to T2D after pregnancy. Although both GDM and T2D exhibit heterogeneity, the link between the distinct heterogeneity of GDM and incident T2D has not been established. Herein, we evaluate early postpartum profiles…
Associations of Physical Activity and Lactation Duration With Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: The CARDIA Study
Physical activity (PA) and lactation benefit cardiometabolic health. The purpose of this study was to describe the joint associations of PA and lactation with cardiometabolic risk. We averaged PA across exams and summed lifetime lactation in Black and White parous…
Contribution of social, behavioral, and contextual exposures to Black-White disparities in incident obesity: The CARDIA study
The aim of this study was to quantify the contributions of socioeconomic, psychosocial, behavioral, reproductive, and neighborhood exposures in young adulthood to Black-White differences in incident obesity. In the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, 4488 Black…
Targeted metabolomics for early pregnancy prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus
This study will apply a targeted metabolomics approach to the prediction of gestational diabetes from a single blood sample collected in the first trimester of pregnancy and stored for the Research Program on Genes, Environment and Health pregnancy cohort study,…
Biomarker of Pancreatic B-cell Loss Predicting Progression to Type 2 Diabetes After Gestational Diabetes
The goal of this study is to identify unmethylated INS DNA reflecting higher type 2 diabetes risk in women after gestational diabetes pregnancy and to evaluate unmethylated INS DNA as a potential mediator of the lactation duration and intensity association…
The prospective association of hyperandrogenism, oligomenorrhea and polycystic ovary syndrome with incident gestational diabetes: The coronary artery risk development in young adults women’s study
In this 28-year prospective study of 455 women (mean age: 26 years), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) was associated with a 2.6-fold elevated risk of gestational diabetes (GDM). However, hyperandrogenism or oligomenorrhea in the absence of PCOS was not associated with GDM.
Genome-wide analysis identifies genetic effects on reproductive success and ongoing natural selection at the FADS locus
Identifying genetic determinants of reproductive success may highlight mechanisms underlying fertility and identify alleles under present-day selection. Using data in 785,604 individuals of European ancestry, we identified 43 genomic loci associated with either number of children ever born (NEB) or…
Targeted metabolomics for early pregnancy prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus – DUPLICATED DO NOT ACTIVATE
This study will apply a targeted metabolomics approach to the prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) from a single blood sample collected in the first trimester of pregnancy and stored for the Research Program on Genes, Environment and Health (RPGEH)…
A common IGF1R gene variant predicts later life breast cancer risk in women with preeclampsia
Preeclampsia has been inconsistently associated with altered later life risk of cancer. This study utilizes the Nurses' Health Study 2 (NHS2) to determine if the future risk of breast and non-breast cancers in women who experience preeclampsia is modified by…
American Heart Association honors Kaiser Permanente researcher with award for best publication
Prepregnancy Protein Source and BCAA Intake Are Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the CARDIA Study
Diet quality and protein source are associated with type 2 diabetes, however relationships with GDM are less clear. This study aimed to determine whether prepregnancy diet quality and protein source are associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Participants were 1314…
Prolactin and maternal metabolism in women with a recent GDM pregnancy and links to future T2D: the SWIFT study
Prolactin is a multifaceted hormone known to regulate lactation. In women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) history, intensive lactation has been associated with lower relative risk of future type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the role of prolactin in T2D development…
Effect of reproductive history on longitudinal change in cardiac, vascular, and lipid parameters
The NHLBI NGHS enrolled 871 girls (50% Black and 50% white) in 1987 at age 9 or 10 and examined them up to 17 times, to age 27. This resulted in 7 echocardiogram reports from ages 20-27, multiple saved samples,…
Reduced cardiovascular risks in women with endometriosis or polycystic ovary syndrome carrying a common functional IGF1R variant
Is the increased future cardiovascular risk seen in women with endometriosis or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) mitigated by functional insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2016347 as previously shown in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy? This cohort…
Perinatal Complications in Individuals in California With or Without SARS-CoV-2 Infection During Pregnancy
Additional research from population-based studies is needed to inform the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy and to provide health risk information to pregnant individuals. To assess the risk of perinatal complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and to describe factors…
Gestational Diabetes and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy by Maternal Birthplace
Gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy increase the risk for future adverse health outcomes in the pregnant woman and baby, and disparities exist in the rates of gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy by race/ethnicity. The…
Early Pregnancy Blood Pressure Patterns Identify Risk of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy Among Racial and Ethnic Groups
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are a leading cause of severe maternal morbidity and mortality and confer 4-fold higher perinatal mortality in Black women. Early pregnancy blood pressure patterns may differentiate risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. This study identified distinct…
Blood pressure patterns in early pregnancy tied to later risk of pregnancy-related hypertension complications
Prepregnancy weight change associated with high gestational weight gain
Gestational weight gain (GWG) above recommendations is a risk factor for adverse maternal, perinatal, and long-term outcomes. This study hypothesized that prepregnancy weight gain may portend excess GWG. Among 1,126 women (51% of whom were of Black race) in the…
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Incident Heart Failure in the Women’s Health Initiative
Some prior evidence suggests that adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) may be associated with heart failure (HF). Identifying unique factors associated with the risk of HF and studying HF subtypes are important next steps. To investigate the association of APOs with…
Gestational Diabetes and Overweight/Obesity: Analysis of Nulliparous Women in the U.S., 2011-2019
The rates of gestational diabetes mellitus are increasing in parallel with the rates of overweight and obesity. This analysis examines nationwide trends in the population-attributable fraction for gestational diabetes mellitus associated with prepregnancy overweight and obesity. A serial, cross-sectional study…
Intensive lactation among women with recent gestational diabetes significantly alters the early postpartum circulating lipid profile: the SWIFT study
Women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have a 7-fold higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D). It is estimated that 20-50% of women with GDM history will progress to T2D within 10 years after delivery. Intensive lactation could…
Trends in Gestational Diabetes at First Live Birth by Race and Ethnicity in the US, 2011-2019
Gestational diabetes is associated with adverse maternal and offspring outcomes. To determine whether rates of gestational diabetes among individuals at first live birth changed from 2011 to 2019 and how these rates differ by race and ethnicity in the US.…
DNA methylation GrimAge and Incident Diabetes: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study
DNA methylation (DNAm)-based biological age (epigenetic age) has been suggested as a useful biomarker of age-related conditions including type 2 diabetes (T2D), and its newest iterations (GrimAge measurements) have shown early promise. In this study, we explored the association between…
The Association of Lactation Duration with Visceral and Pericardial Fat Volumes in Parous Women: the CARDIA Study
Lactation is associated with lower risks for cardiovascular disease in women. Organ-related adiposity, which plays significant roles in the development of cardiometabolic diseases, could help explain this observation. We evaluated the association of lactation duration with visceral (VAT) and pericardial…
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Unique Opportunities for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
This statement summarizes evidence that adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) such as hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, preterm delivery, gestational diabetes, small-for-gestational-age delivery, placental abruption, and pregnancy loss increase a woman's risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and of developing…
Association of infant diet with subsequent obesity at 2-5 years among children exposed to gestational diabetes: the SWIFT study
This longitudinal analysis evaluated the independent and joint associations of any breastfeeding (BF) or exclusive BF (EBF) and intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and 100% fruit juice from birth to 1 year with subsequent overweight and obesity among young children exposed…
Maternal weight change from prepregnancy to 18 months postpartum and subsequent risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in Danish women: A cohort study
One-fourth of women experience substantially higher weight years after childbirth. We examined weight change from prepregnancy to 18 months postpartum according to subsequent maternal risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We conducted a cohort study of 47,966 women with…
Gestational Diabetes History and Glucose Tolerance After Pregnancy Associated With Coronary Artery Calcium in Women During Midlife: The CARDIA Study
Gestational diabetes (GD) leads to earlier onset and heightened risk of type 2 diabetes, a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, it is unclear whether attaining normoglycemia can ameliorate the excess CVD risk associated with GD history. This…
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Early and Continued Breastfeeding: Findings from an Integrated Health Care Delivery System
Purpose: To examine whether adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with breastfeeding behaviors. Methods: Women in three Kaiser Permanente Northern California medical centers were screened for ACEs during standard prenatal care (N = 926). Multivariable binary and multinomial logistic regression was used…
Gestational diabetes can be tip-off to future increased risk for heart disease
Cancer and Cardiovascular Risk in Women With Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy Carrying a Common IGF1R Variant
To evaluate the impact of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor variant rs2016347 on the risk for breast and nonbreast cancers and cardiovascular disease in women with a history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). This retrospective cohort study included all…
Diminished Sphingolipid Metabolism, a Hallmark of Future Type 2 Diabetes Pathogenesis, Is Linked to Pancreatic β Cell Dysfunction
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the top risk factor for future type 2 diabetes (T2D) development. Ethnicity profoundly influences who will transition from GDM to T2D, with high risk observed in Hispanic women. To better understand this risk, a nested…
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rising in young adults, with potential implications for reproductive-aged women. Whether NAFLD during pregnancy confers more serious risks for maternal or perinatal health is unclear. Using weighted discharge data from the…
Underlying dyslipidemia postpartum in women with a recent GDM pregnancy who develop type 2 diabetes
Approximately, 35% of women with Gestational Diabetes (GDM) progress to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) within 10 years. However, links between GDM and T2D are not well understood. We used a well-characterised GDM prospective cohort of 1035 women following up to…
Life Course Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Associated With Preterm Delivery: The 30-Year CARDIA Study
Background Women who deliver preterm infants (
Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Before and After Gestational Diabetes: A Prospective Life-Course Analysis in CARDIA Women
This study hypothesized that both preconception and postchildbearing patterns of cardiometabolic risk factors may be different for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) compared with women without GDM. Among 1,302 (51% black) women in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in…
Fetal and Early Postnatal Influences on Child Metabolic Health After Gestational Diabetes
This 5-year RO1 study will determine the independent contribution of fetal exposures and early postnatal lifestyle factors on subsequent development of child adiposity and metabolic health among youth (ages 9 to 13 ) exposed to gestational diabetes in utero. The…
Blood test to identify risk for diabetes after pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes now one step closer
Life-Course Reproductive History and Cardiovascular Risk Profile in Late Mid-Life: The CARDIA Study
Background Reproductive events, that is, a preterm birth (PTB), small-for-gestational-age infant (SGA), and vasomotor symptoms of menopause, are associated with subclinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). We evaluated whether women with a past PTB and/or SGA (henceforth PTB/SGA) were more likely…
Metabolites Preceding Progression to Type 2 Diabetes in Women after Gestational Diabetes
This study will identify biochemical markers that predict type 2 diabetes mellitus in women after a pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Ultimately, the results of this study may lead to improved testing and more effective, personalized interventions to…
Amino acid and lipid metabolism in post-gestational diabetes and progression to type 2 diabetes: A metabolic profiling study
Women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have a 7-fold higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) during midlife and an elevated risk of developing hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Glucose tolerance reclassification after delivery is recommended, but…
Gestational diabetes phenotypes, glucose tolerance transitions and lifestyle behaviors related to cardiovascular risk status
The Study of Women, Infant Feeding, and Type 2 Diabetes after GDM Pregnancy (SWIFT) is a prospective, community-based cohort of mothers aged 20-45 years of age and diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) who delivered a singleton pregnancy longer than…
Longitudinal epigenomic study of gestational diabetes mellitus and cardiac structure and function
The goal of this study is to identify epigenetic changes (evaluation of DNA methylation over time) associated with a previous history of GDM and the relationship of these markers to subsequent changes in cardiovascular structure and function in women during…
A longitudinal study of pre-pregnancy antioxidant levels and subsequent perinatal outcomes in black and white women: The CARDIA Study
Although protective associations between dietary antioxidants and pregnancy outcomes have been reported, randomized controlled trials of supplementation have been almost uniformly negative. A possible explanation is that supplementation during pregnancy may be too late to have a beneficial effect. Therefore,…
The Preconception Period analysis of Risks and Exposures Influencing health and Development (PrePARED) consortium
Preconception health may have intergenerational influences. We have formed the PrePARED (Preconception Period Analysis of Risks and Exposures influencing health and Development) research consortium to address methodological, conceptual, and generalisability gaps in the literature. The consortium will investigate the effects…
Duration and stability of metabolically healthy obesity over 30 years
Obese adults who are free from metabolic risk factors may develop risk factors over time. Our objective was to characterize development of obesity and duration of metabolically healthy obese (MHO) over 30 years. Participants in CARDIA who developed obesity (BMI???30?kg/m2)…
Fasting glucose variability in young adulthood and incident diabetes, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality
The aim of this study was to determine whether long-term intra-individual variability in fasting glucose (FG) during young adulthood is associated with incident diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. We included participants from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young…
Association of breastfeeding and gestational diabetes mellitus with the prevalence of prediabetes and the metabolic syndrome in offspring of Hispanic mothers
The effects of breastfeeding (BF) on metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diabetes mellitus in children exposed to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in utero have rarely been evaluated. This study assessed BF and GDM in relation to the prevalence of prediabetes and…
Association of Infant Temperament With Subsequent Obesity in Young Children of Mothers With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Infant temperament is associated with excess weight gain or childhood obesity risk in samples of healthy individuals, although the evidence has been inconsistent. To our knowledge, no prior research has examined this topic among children exposed to gestational diabetes mellitus…
The discovery of novel predictive biomarkers and early-stage pathophysiology for the transition from gestational diabetes to type 2 diabetes
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects up to 20% of pregnancies, and almost half of the women affected progress to type 2 diabetes later in life, making GDM the most significant risk factor for the development of future type 2 diabetes.…
Shared Antecedents to Preterm Birth and Cardiovascular Disease in Women
This study will conduct a secondary data analysis of CARDIA women that leverages existing data to evaluate the relation of pre-pregnancy inflammation to the occurrence of pre-term birth and to determine whether the inflammatory profile is exacerbated following pregnancy, perhaps…
Prenatal Blood Pressure Patterns to Predict Pregnancy-Related Hypertension and Later-Life Cardiovascular Risk
This study utilizes clinical prenatal-care blood pressure measurements and other clinical and biochemical variables to develop models for the early prediction of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and evaluates the relationship of pregnancy blood-pressure patterns to new onset hypertension and cardiovascular…
Pre-pregnancy kidney function and subsequent adverse pregnancy outcomes
Renal insufficiency is associated with pregnancy complications including fetal growth restriction, preterm birth (PTB), and pre-eclampsia. To determine the effect of preconception kidney function within the normal range on pregnancy outcome. 1043 (50% black, 50% white) women who participated in…
Longer lactation duration is associated with decreased prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in women
Lactation lowers blood glucose and triglycerides, and increases insulin sensitivity. We hypothesized that a longer duration of lactation would be associated with lower prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is the leading cause of chronic liver disease in…
Breastfeeding and later maternal risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease – The role of overall and abdominal obesity
In this study, we examined how any, full, and partial breastfeeding durations were associated with maternal risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD), and how prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference 7 years postpartum influenced these associations. A total…
Breastfeeding and growth during infancy among offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study
Breastfeeding (BF) may protect against obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in children exposed to maternal diabetes in utero, but its effects on infant growth among this high-risk group have rarely been evaluated. The objective of this study was to…
Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Exercise Hemodynamics and Birth Outcomes: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study
Determine associations of cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate recovery (HRR) following a maximal exercise test performed years preceding pregnancy with odds of preterm birth (PTB;
Blood Pressure Patterns and Subsequent Coronary Artery Calcification in Women Who Delivered Preterm Births
Women who delivered preterm infants have excess cardiovascular disease, but vascular pathways linking these conditions are not understood. We considered that higher blood pressure over 25 years among women with preterm delivery may be associated with coronary artery calcification (CAC).…
Elevated Medium Chain-Acylcarnitines are Associated with Gestational Diabetes, and Early Progression to Type-2 Diabetes, and Induce Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction
Specific circulating metabolites have emerged as important risk factors for the development of diabetes. The acylcarnitines (acylCs) are a family of metabolites known to be elevated in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and linked to peripheral insulin resistance. However, the effect…
Pre-pregnancy endothelial dysfunction and birth outcomes: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study
Endothelial dysfunction is a form of subclinical cardiovascular disease that may be involved in preterm birth and small-for-gestational-age deliveries. However, concentrations of biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction before pregnancy have rarely been measured. We hypothesized that higher levels of biomarkers of…
Pre-Pregnancy Fitness and Risk of Gestational Diabetes: A Longitudinal Analysis.
PURPOSE: To assess the associations of pre-pregnancy cardiorespiratory fitness, moderate-to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA), and time spent watching television with subsequent development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).METHODS: Participants were 1,333 women enrolled in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young…
Lactation Duration and Progression to Diabetes in Women Across the Childbearing Years: The 30-Year CARDIA Study
Lactation duration has shown weak protective associations with incident diabetes (3%-15% lower incidence per year of lactation) in older women based solely on self-report of diabetes, studies initiated beyond the reproductive period are vulnerable to unmeasured confounding or reverse causation…
Association Between Gestational Diabetes and Incident Maternal CKD: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with increased risk for diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. We evaluated whether GDM is associated with incident chronic kidney disease (CKD), controlling for prepregnancy risk factors for both conditions. Prospective cohort. Of…
Biomarkers to Predict Type 2 Diabetes
The goal of this study is to develop a simple biomarker signature that can predict future type 2 diabetes with excellent specificity, sensitivity and precision.
Hospital Supplementation Differentially Impacts the Association Between Breastfeeding Intention and Duration Among Women With and Without Gestational Diabetes Mellitus History
Little is known about how in-hospital supplementation with water, infant formula, or sugar water affects the relationship between breastfeeding intentions and duration, and whether this differs by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) history. Our study objectives were to assess the associations…
In-Hospital Breastfeeding Experiences Among Women with Gestational Diabetes
In-hospital experiences among women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) could impact breastfeeding success. We sought (1) to determine changes in the prevalence of hospital breastfeeding experiences between 2004-2008 and 2009-2011 among women with GDM and women without diabetes; (2) to…
Testosterone Levels in Pre-Menopausal Women are Associated With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Midlife
Young women with hyperandrogenism have high risk of metabolic co-morbidities, including increased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Whether testosterone (the predominant androgen) is associated with NAFLD independent of metabolic co-factors is unclear. Additionally, whether testosterone confers increased risk…
Pregnancy-Related Risk Factors and Glucose Intolerance in Women during Midlife
This is an ancillary study to the CARDIA Study, a multi-center longitudinal study of 5,115 black and white women and men (18-30) enrolled in 1985-1986, and followed at in-person exams serially through 2011. The study will evaluate pregnancy-related changes in…
Infant Temperament and Early Infant Growth and Child Overweight in GDM Offspring
The NIH-funded Study of Women, Infant Feeding and Type 2 Diabetes (SWIFT) is a prospective cohort study of 1,035 postpartum women with a recent pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes who were recruited from 2008 to 2011, and attended three in-person…
Inequality in Family Leave and Maternal and Child Health Outcomes
This study will evaluate the impact of paid family leave policies and job protection on parental leave taking, child care arrangements, and child and mother health outcomes during the 1-2 years following birth of a child. The study, a collaboration…
Lactation and Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus in CARDIA Women
The goals of our study are to prospectively examine whether longer duration of lactation is associated with development of type 2 diabetes in women of reproductive age during the 25-year CARDIA study period (1986-2011) and assess changes in risk factors.…
Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus following Gestational Diabetes Pregnancy in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
This study examines gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) following GDM pregnancy. A cohort of 988 pregnant women with PCOS who delivered during 2002-2005 was examined…
Gravidity is not associated with telomere length in a biracial cohort of middle-aged women: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study
Having experienced 2-3 births is associated with reduced mortality versus women with
Dietary variables associated with substantial postpartum weight retention at 1-year among women with GDM pregnancy
An understanding of the dietary behaviors linked to substantial postpartum weight retention, particularly in women diagnosed with gestational diabetes (GDM), is warranted to focus intervention efforts to prevent future type 2 diabetes. This study evaluates the relationship between dietary food…
Genome-wide analysis identifies 12 loci influencing human reproductive behavior
The genetic architecture of human reproductive behavior-age at first birth (AFB) and number of children ever born (NEB)-has a strong relationship with fitness, human development, infertility and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, very few genetic loci have been identified, and…
The Kaiser Permanente Northern California research program on genes, environment, and health (RPGEH) pregnancy cohort: study design, methodology and baseline characteristics
Exposures during the prenatal period may have lasting effects on maternal and child health outcomes. To better understand the effects of the in utero environment on children's short- and long-term health, large representative pregnancy cohorts with comprehensive information on a…
A Predictive Metabolic Signature for the Transition from Gestational Diabetes to Type 2 Diabetes
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects 3-14% of pregnancies, with 20-50% of these women progressing to type 2 diabetes (T2D) within 5 years. This study sought to develop a metabolomics signature to predict the transition from GDM to T2D. A prospective…
Preterm Delivery and Metabolic Syndrome in Women Followed From Prepregnancy Through 25 Years Later
To investigate whether women who deliver preterm have excess risk for metabolic dysregulation independent of prepregnancy factors. We conducted a multicenter, longitudinal, observational study of 1,205 women (50% black) in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study with…
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Is Strongly Associated With Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Insulin resistance is central to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an early marker of insulin resistance. We hypothesized that a history of GDM would identify women at higher risk of NAFLD…
The Association of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus With Left Ventricular Structure and Function: The CARDIA Study
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) predicts incident cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, mechanisms linking GDM to CVD beyond intervening incident diabetes are not well understood. We examined the relation of GDM with echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular (LV) structure and function, which…
Racial Differences in the Performance of Existing Risk Prediction Models for Incident Type 2 Diabetes: The CARDIA Study
In 2010, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) added hemoglobin A1c (A1C) to the guidelines for diagnosing type 2 diabetes. However, existing models for predicting diabetes risk were developed prior to the widespread adoption of A1C. Thus, it remains unknown how…
The Comparative Effectiveness of Diabetes Prevention Strategies to Reduce Postpartum Weight Retention in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Gestational Diabetes’ Effects on Moms (GEM) Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
To compare the effectiveness of diabetes prevention strategies addressing postpartum weight retention for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) delivered at the health system level: mailed recommendations (usual care) versus usual care plus a Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)-derived lifestyle intervention.…
Lactation and Progression to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus After Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Cohort Study
Lactation improves glucose metabolism, but its role in preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) after gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains uncertain. To evaluate lactation and the 2-year incidence of DM after GDM pregnancy. Prospective, observational cohort of women with recent…
Maternal prepregnancy waist circumference and BMI in relation to gestational weight gain and breastfeeding behavior: the CARDIA study
Studies suggest that gestational weight gain (GWG) and breastfeeding behavior may influence long-term maternal abdominal fat mass. However, this could be confounded by abdominal fat mass before pregnancy because it is unknown whether abdominal fat mass, independently of body size,…
Lactation Duration and Midlife Atherosclerosis
To evaluate lactation duration in relation to subsequent atherosclerosis in women during midlife. The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study is a multicenter prospective cohort that enrolled 2,787 women in 1985-1986 (ages 18-30 years, 52% black, 48% white),…
Marriage and parenthood in relation to obesogenic neighborhood trajectories: The CARDIA study
Marriage and parenthood are associated with weight gain and residential mobility. Little is known about how obesity-relevant environmental contexts differ according to family structure. We estimated trajectories of neighborhood poverty, population density, and density of fast food restaurants, supermarkets, and…
Excess body mass index- and waist circumference-years and incident cardiovascular disease: The CARDIA study
To determine the influence of the total cumulative exposure to excess overall and abdominal adiposity on the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Prospective study of 4,061 white and black adults without CVD at baseline in 1985-1986 (age 18-30 years) from…
The study of women, infant feeding and type 2 diabetes after GDM pregnancy and growth of their offspring (SWIFT Offspring study): prospective design, methodology and baseline characteristics
Breastfeeding is associated with reduced risk of becoming overweight or obese later in life. Breastfed babies grow more slowly during infancy than formula-fed babies. Among offspring exposed in utero to maternal glucose intolerance, prospective data on growth during infancy have…
Maternal gestational weight gain and offspring risk for childhood overweight or obesity
The objective of the study was to evaluate the association between gestational weight gain, per the 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations, and offspring overweight/obesity at 2-5 years of age. This was a prospective cohort study of 4145 women who…
Lactation intensity and fasting plasma lipids, lipoproteins, non-esterified free fatty acids, leptin and adiponectin in postpartum women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus: The SWIFT cohort
Lactation may influence future progression to type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, biomarkers associated with progression to glucose intolerance have not been examined in relation to lactation intensity among postpartum women with previous GDM. This study investigates…
Impact of breastfeeding on maternal metabolism: implications for women with gestational diabetes
Lactating compared with nonlactating women display more favorable metabolic parameters, including less atherogenic blood lipids, lower fasting and postprandial blood glucose as well as insulin, and greater insulin sensitivity in the first 4 months postpartum. However, direct evidence demonstrating that…
A pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial of diabetes prevention strategies for women with gestational diabetes: design and rationale of the Gestational Diabetes’ Effects on Moms (GEM) study
Women with gestational diabetes (GDM) are at high risk of developing diabetes later in life. After a GDM diagnosis, women receive prenatal care to control their blood glucose levels via diet, physical activity and medications. Continuing such lifestyle skills into…
Prepregnancy SHBG Concentrations and Risk for Subsequently Developing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Lower levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) have been associated with increased risk of diabetes among postmenopausal women; however, it is unclear whether they are associated with glucose intolerance in younger women. We examined whether SHBG concentrations, measured before pregnancy,…
History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Future Risk of Atherosclerosis in Mid-life: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study
History of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increases lifetime risk of type 2 diabetes (DM) and the metabolic syndrome (MetS), which increase risk of cardiovascular disease. It is unclear, however, whether GDM increases risk of early atherosclerosis independent of pre-pregnancy obesity…
Maternal prepregnancy obesity and insulin treatment during pregnancy are independently associated with delayed lactogenesis in women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus
The timely onset of stage II lactogenesis (OL) is important for successful breastfeeding and newborn health. Several risk factors for delayed OL are common in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which may affect their chances for…
The Role of Lactation in GDM Women
Lactating women exhibit more favorable blood glucose and insulin profiles, as well as increased insulin sensitivity than nonlactating women. Yet, much less is known about whether these favorable effects on metabolic risk factors persist long-term among women with gestational diabetes…
Changes in weight and health behaviors after pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus: The CARDIA study
Prepregnancy to postpregnancy change in weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, diet, and physical activity in women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) were compared. Using the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study, women with at…
Impact of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Pubertal Changes in Adiposity and Metabolic Profiles in Latino Offspring
OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) status on longitudinal changes in adiposity and metabolic variables in overweight Latino offspring (from age 8-20 years) across puberty. STUDY DESIGN: This longitudinal cohort of 210 overweight Latino children…
Influence of breastfeeding during the postpartum oral glucose tolerance test on plasma glucose and insulin
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of breastfeeding during the postpartum oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) on maternal blood glucose and insulin among women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Participants were enrolled in the Study of Women, Infant Feeding, and…
Pregnancy during adolescence has lasting adverse effects on blood lipids: A 10-year longitudinal study of black and white females
BACKGROUND: Primiparity has been associated with 3 to 4 mg/dL lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in black and white adult women that persist several years after delivery. OBJECTIVE: To examine the lasting effects of adolescent pregnancy on blood lipids, an…
Lactation Intensity and Postpartum Maternal Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Resistance in Women With Recent GDM: The SWIFT cohort
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between breastfeeding intensity in relation to maternal blood glucose and insulin and glucose intolerance based on the postpartum 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results at 6-9 weeks after a pregnancy with gestational diabetes…
Multivitamin use and breast cancer outcomes in women with early-stage breast cancer: the Life After Cancer Epidemiology study
Little is known about the relation of multivitamin use to breast cancer outcomes. 2,236 women diagnosed from 1997 to 2000 with early-stage breast cancer (Stage I >/= 1 cm, II, or IIIA) were enrolled about 2 years post-diagnosis, primarily from…
Comparison of Hemoglobin A1c With Fasting Plasma Glucose and 2-h Postchallenge Glucose for Risk Stratification Among Women With Recent Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
OBJECTIVE: Postpartum testing with a 75-g 2-h oral glucose tolerance test or fasting plasma glucose (FPG) alone is often not performed among women with histories of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Use of hemoglobin A(1c) (A1C) might increase testing. The association…
Epidemiology of peripartum cardiomyopathy: incidence, predictors, and outcomes
OBJECTIVES: To estimate the incidence, describe the mortality, and identify independent predictors of peripartum cardiomyopathy, a very serious cardiovascular complication of pregnancy associated with maternal morbidity and mortality among otherwise healthy women without prior heart disease. METHODS: We identified all…
Change in body mass index between pregnancies and the risk of gestational diabetes in a second pregnancy
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the association between interpregnancy change in body mass index (BMI) and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in a second pregnancy. METHODS: In a retrospective cohort analysis of 22,351 women, logistic regression models provided adjusted estimates…
Duration of lactation and maternal adipokines at 3 years postpartum
OBJECTIVE: Lactation has been associated with reduced maternal risk of type 2 diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. We examined the relationship between breastfeeding duration and maternal adipokines at 3 years postpartum. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We used linear…
Study of Women, Infant Feeding, and Type 2 diabetes mellitus after GDM pregnancy (SWIFT), a prospective cohort study: methodology and design
BACKGROUND: Women with history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes within 5 years after delivery. Evidence that lactation duration influences incident type 2 diabetes after GDM pregnancy is based on one retrospective…
Association of maternal short sleep duration with adiposity and cardiometabolic status at 3 years postpartum
The purpose of this study was to examine the association of short sleep duration among women in the first year postpartum with adiposity and cardiometabolic status at 3 years postpartum. We studied 586 women in Project Viva, a prospective cohort.…
Longitudinal study of prepregnancy cardiometabolic risk factors and subsequent risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: The CARDIA study
This study examined prepregnancy cardiometabolic risk factors and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in subsequent pregnancies. The authors selected 1,164 women without diabetes before pregnancy who delivered 1,809 livebirths between 5 consecutive examinations from 1985 to 2006 in the Coronary Artery…
Pre-pregnancy stress reactivity and pregnancy outcome
Stress has been proposed as a cause of preterm birth (PTB) and small-for-gestational age (SGA), but stress does not have the same effects on all women. It may be that a woman's reaction to stress relates to her pregnancy health,…
Prepregnancy lipids related to preterm birth risk: the coronary artery risk development in young adults study
CONTEXT: Preterm birth is associated with maternal cardiovascular risk, but mechanisms are unknown. OBJECTIVE: We considered that dyslipidemia may predispose women to both conditions and that prepregnancy lipids may be related to preterm birth risk. We hypothesized that low or…
Duration of lactation and maternal metabolism at 3 years postpartum
OBJECTIVE: Lactation has been associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome in mothers. We examined the relation between breastfeeding duration and metabolic markers at 3 years postpartum. METHODS: We used linear regression to relate duration…
Gestational weight gain and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the relationship between the rate of gestational weight gain before the 50-g, 1-hour oral glucose challenge test screening for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and subsequent risk of GDM. METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control study (345 women…
Duration of lactation and incidence of the metabolic syndrome in women of reproductive age according to gestational diabetes mellitus status: a 20-Year prospective study in CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults)
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to prospectively assess the association between lactation duration and incidence of the metabolic syndrome among women of reproductive age. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Participants were 1,399 women (39% black, aged 18-30 years) in…
Childbearing is associated with higher incidence of the metabolic syndrome among women of reproductive age controlling for measurements before pregnancy: the CARDIA study
OBJECTIVE: We sought to prospectively examine whether childbearing is associated with higher incidence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) after delivery among women of reproductive age. STUDY DESIGN: In 1451 nulliparas who were aged 18-30 years and free of the MetS…
Childbearing and obesity in women: weight before, during, and after pregnancy
Weight gain and the development of obesity during midlife are strong independent predictors of cardiovascular disease, particularly among women, as well as the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and early mortality. Primiparity and maternal body size before pregnancy affect long-term…
Longitudinal study of growth and adiposity in parous compared with nulligravid adolescents
OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of pregnancy on adolescent growth and adiposity relative to nulligravidas of similar maturation stage. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: The multicenter National Heart, Lung and Blood Growth and Health Study with annual examinations from 1987-1988…
Long-term blood pressure changes measured from before to after pregnancy relative to nonparous women
OBJECTIVE: To prospectively examine whether blood pressure changes persist after pregnancy among women of reproductive age. METHODS: This was a prospective, population-based, observational cohort of 2,304 (1,167 black, 1,137 white) women (aged 18-30 years) who were free of hypertension at…
Racial differences in self-reported infertility and risk factors for infertility in a cohort of black and white women: the CARDIA Women’s Study
OBJECTIVE: To determine racial differences in self-reported infertility and in risk factors for infertility in a cohort of black and white women. DESIGN: A cross-sectional analysis of data from the longitudinal Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study,…
Central obesity and increased risk of dementia more than three decades later
BACKGROUND: Numerous reports show that a centralized distribution of adiposity is a more dangerous risk factor for cardiovascular disease and diabetes than total body obesity. No studies have evaluated whether the same pattern exists with dementia. The objective was to…
Alcohol and hypertension: a review
In recent decades alcohol use has joined other correlates of hypertension (HTN), such as obesity and salt intake, as a major research focus about HTN risk factors. In cross-sectional and prospective epidemiologic studies, higher blood pressure (BP) has consistently been…
Breast-feeding and diabetes: long-term impact on mothers and their infants
In the general population, breast-feeding is associated with a reduced risk of the offspring being overweight later in life by 22% to 24% across the age spectrum, from preschool children to adults. There is a dose-response gradient with increasing duration…
Childbearing may increase visceral adipose tissue independent of overall increase in body fat
OBJECTIVE: To examine whether childbearing is associated with increased visceral adiposity and whether the increase is proportionally larger than other depots. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: This prospective study examined changes in adiposity assessed via computed tomography (CT) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry…
Short sleep duration in infancy and risk of childhood overweight
OBJECTIVE: To examine the extent to which infant sleep duration is associated with overweight at age 3 years. DESIGN: Longitudinal survey. SETTING: Multisite group practice in Massachusetts. PARTICIPANTS: Nine hundred fifteen children in Project Viva, a prospective cohort. Main Exposure…
Association of fewer hours of sleep at 6 months postpartum with substantial weight retention at 1 year postpartum
Shorter sleep duration is linked to obesity, coronary artery disease, and diabetes. Whether sleep deprivation during the postpartum period affects maternal postpartum weight retention remains unknown. This study examined the association of sleep at 6 months postpartum with substantial postpartum…
A 20-year prospective study of childbearing and incidence of diabetes in young women, controlling for glycemia before conception: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study
OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine whether childbearing increases incidence of type 2 diabetes after accounting for preconception glycemia and gestational glucose intolerance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A prospective, biracial cohort was examined up to five times during 1985-2006 in the…
Body mass index in midlife and risk of Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia
Prior work has suggested that obesity and overweight as measured by body mass index (BMI) increases risk of dementia. It is unknown if there is a difference in the risk of developing Alzheimer disease (AD) versus vascular dementia (VaD) associated…
Lactation and changes in maternal metabolic risk factors
OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between duration of lactation and changes in maternal metabolic risk factors. METHODS: This 3-year prospective study examined changes in metabolic risk factors among lactating women from preconception to postweaning and among nonlactating women from preconception…
Sequelae of systemic hypertension in alcohol abstainers, light drinkers, and heavy drinkers
A link exists between alcohol intake and increased blood pressure (BP), with many studies showing increased hypertension prevalence in heavy drinkers. The harmful and beneficial effects of alcohol can confound the study of the long-term risks of alcohol-related hypertension. We…
Impact of gestational diabetes mellitus nutrition practice guidelines implemented by registered dietitians on pregnancy outcomes
Nutrition practice guidelines were developed for gestational diabetes mellitus by registered dietitians from the Diabetes Care and Education and the Women's Health and Reproductive Nutrition dietetic practice groups. To validate the guidelines, a clinical trial was designed with clinic sites…
Post-diagnosis weight gain and breast cancer recurrence in women with early stage breast cancer
PURPOSE: To examine whether weight gain after diagnosis of breast cancer affects the risk of breast cancer recurrence. PATIENT AND METHODS: Patients included 3215 women diagnosed with early stage breast cancer (Stage I >1 cm., II, and IIIA) who were…
Twins of mistaken zygosity (TOMZ): evidence for genetic contributions to dietary patterns and physiologic traits
Twin designs, comparing correlations in monozygotic (MZ) versus dizygotic (DZ) twins, have an extensive history. One major confounder in such studies is that MZ twins may share postnatal environmental influences more so than do DZ twins. To avoid such confounding,…
Higher prevalence of systemic hypertension among moderate alcohol drinkers: an exploration of the role of underreporting
OBJECTIVE: Heavy alcohol drinking is associated with increased prevalence of systemic hypertension (HTN), but the relationship between moderate drinking and HTN remains unclear. We explored the possible role of underreporting among moderate drinkers. METHOD: In a cross-sectional analysis of 105,378…
Do long-term HDL-C declines associated with a first birth vary by apo E phenotype? The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study
BACKGROUND: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in premenopausal and postmenopausal women are differentially affected by exogenous sex hormones depending on their apolipoprotein E (apo E) genotype. Because endogenous sex hormones markedly increase during pregnancy, we examined whether HDL-C declines after…
Obesity in middle age and future risk of dementia: a 27 year longitudinal population based study
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate any association between obesity in middle age, measured by body mass index and skinfold thickness, and risk of dementia later in life. DESIGN: Analysis of prospective data from a multiethnic population based cohort. SETTING: Kaiser Permanente Northern…
Life After Cancer Epidemiology (LACE) Study: a cohort of early stage breast cancer survivors (United States)
The Life After Cancer Epidemiology (LACE) Study, a cohort of 2321 early stage breast cancer survivors, was established in 2000 to examine how modifiable behavioral risk factors affect quality of life and long-term survival. Women were recruited primarily from the…
Development of overweight associated with childbearing depends on smoking habit: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study
OBJECTIVE: To prospectively evaluate whether childbearing leads to development of overweight in women and to evaluate the role of other known risk factors. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A prospective, multicenter observational study, the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults…
Self-reported experiences of racial discrimination and Black-White differences in preterm and low-birthweight deliveries: the CARDIA Study
OBJECTIVES: We examined the effects of self-reported experiences of racial discrimination on Black-White differences in preterm (less than 37 weeks gestation) and low-birthweight (less than 2500 g) deliveries. METHODS: Using logistic regression models, we analyzed data on 352 births among…
Gestational diabetes and nutritional recommendations
The goals of medical nutrition therapy for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are to meet the maternal and fetal nutritional needs, as well as to achieve and maintain optimal glycemic control. Nutrition requirements during pregnancy are similar for women with and…
Long-term plasma lipid changes associated with a first birth: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study
Previous studies have reported declines in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol 1-2 years after pregnancy. In 1986-1996, the authors prospectively examined the association between childbearing and changes in fasting plasma lipids (low density lipoprotein, HDL, and total cholesterol; triglycerides) among…
Excess gains in weight and waist circumference associated with childbearing: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA)
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of childbearing with weight and waist circumference (WC) changes, we compared women with and without pregnancies or births during follow-up. STUDY DESIGN: A multicenter, longitudinal observational study over 10 years. Comparison groups defined by the…
Does the pattern of postpartum weight change differ according to pregravid body size?
OBJECTIVES: To examine differences in the pattern of weight changes during and after pregnancy among four pregravid body mass index (BMI) groups. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study of women who had two consecutive births at the University of California, San…
The relative importance of gestational gain and maternal characteristics associated with the risk of becoming overweight after pregnancy
OBJECTIVES: To assess the relationships between gestational gain, race/ethnicity, reproductive history, age, education and the risk of becoming overweight after pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study of adult women from four race/ethnicity groups who had two consecutive births between 1980…
