Growing evidence suggests that maternal obesity may affect the intrauterine environment and increase a child's risk of developing asthma. We aim to investigate the relationship between prepregnancy obesity and childhood asthma risk. Cohorts of children enrolled in Kaiser Permanente Northern…
Studies suggest infants may be at increased risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) relative to older children, but few data exist regarding the incidence of COVID-19 episodes and associated risk factors. We estimate incidence rates and describe characteristics associated…
The adverse consequences of untreated perinatal depression highlight the need to identify populations to target in order to increase treatment rates. The authors sought to evaluate treatment initiation for a new diagnosis of depression during pregnancy or postpartum and to…
Little is known about antidepressant medication use patterns during pregnancy among periconception (before and immediately following conception) users. Additionally, the associations between these patterns and birth outcomes is unclear, after taking into account underlying depression severity. This study describes patterns…
Identifying severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections during peripartum hospitalizations is important to guide care, implement prevention measures, and understand infection burden. This cross-sectional analysis used electronic health record data from hospitalizations during which pregnancies ended (peripartum hospitalizations)…
Approximately 5% of global preterm births are extremely premature (EP), defined as occurring at less than 28?weeks gestational age. Advances in care have led to an increase in the survival of EP infants during the neonatal period. However, EP infants…
To evaluate the association between serum folate levels during pregnancy and prenatal depression and the extent to which obesity may modify this relationship. This secondary data analysis leveraged data from a previous study of pregnant Kaiser Permanente Northern California participants…
Influenza testing and case-confirmation rates in pregnant populations have not been reported during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Using electronic medical record data from a cohort of nearly 20,000 pregnancies in the United States, this retrospective cohort study examines…
This study is examining whether the secular increase in use of medical radiation therapy and diagnostic imaging technology is associated with the corresponding secular increase in the risk of colorectal cancer among young adults age 50 and under.
Preterm birth is a leading cause of infant mortality, particularly for those born extremely prematurely (EP;
The goals of the study are to determine whether treating GHSV infection in pregnancy, especially earlier in pregnancy, is effective in mitigating the racial disparities in SMM, and GHSV infection, if untreated, contribute to racial disparities in the risk of…
This study aimed to evaluate the association between intrapartum antibiotics (IABX) and asthma and allergic rhinitis among children by ages 6, 8 and 10 years. Retrospective cohort. Data were collected though Kaiser Permanente Northern California's (KPNC) integrated healthcare system. Children were…
We conducted a cross-sectional study of pregnant women with acute respiratory illness during delivery hospitalizations during influenza season to describe clinical testing for respiratory viruses and infection prevention practices. Women had nasal swabs tested for influenza and other respiratory viruses.…
To estimate prevalence of prescription opioid use during pregnancy in eight US health plans during 2001-2014. We conducted a cohort study of singleton live birth deliveries. Maternal characteristics were ascertained from health plan and/or birth certificate data and opioids dispensed…
Multisite study to describe the incidence, clinical presentation, treatment, clinical course, and outcomes of COVID-19 among pregnant women and up to six months postpartum, and estimate the incidence of COVID-19 hospitalizations and medically attended ambulatory care visits (including telehealth) during…
The use of validated criteria to identify birth defects in electronic healthcare databases can avoid the cost and time-intensive efforts required to conduct chart reviews to confirm outcomes. This study evaluated the validity of various case-finding methodologies to identify neural…
Cesarean delivery (C-section) may influence the infant microbiome and affect immune system development and subsequent risk for allergic rhinitis (AR). To investigate the association between C-section and AR at ages 6, 8, and 10 years. Data were collected prospectively through…
Caesarean delivery (C-section) may disrupt maternal-infant microbial transfer and alter immune system development and subsequent risk for atopic dermatitis. Investigate the association between C-section and atopic dermatitis by age four and examine potential sources of bias in the relationship in…
Findings about the association between prenatal Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure and neurobehavioral development in children are still inconsistent. In addition, whether fetal thyroid hormones (THs) mediate the reported association remains unclear. The present study aimed to examine the association between…
Maternal nutrition during pregnancy has a significant effect on the health of the offspring and mother, highlighting the need for identifying factors that may affect diet during pregnancy. Research in nonpregnant and pregnant populations suggest depression may play a role.…
The reported association between maternal antibiotic use and childhood obesity, if true, could change obstetric practice. However, it is unclear whether the reported association was due to antibiotics, or underlying infection or both. To examine the independent contributions of maternal…
An association between maternal exposure to magnetic field (MF) nonionizing radiation during pregnancy and the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been reported in both animal and human studies. To determine whether maternal exposure to high levels of MF nonionizing…
Despite recommendations by professional organizations that all pregnant women receive inactivated influenza vaccine, safety concerns remain a barrier. Our objective was to assess the effect of trivalent influenza vaccines (IIV3) during pregnancy on parent report 6-month infant development. We conducted…
This report describes the results of recruitment efforts and the subsequent participation of pregnant women in study activities in a 2010-2012 observational study focused on influenza illness and vaccination in California and Oregon, USA. Socio-demographic and health characteristics extracted from…
The incidence of pregnancy-associated cancer (PAC) is expected to increase as more women delay childbearing until later ages. However, information on frequency and incidence of PAC is scarce in the United States. We identified pregnancies among women aged 10-54 years…
Studies on the effect of prenatal exposure to magnetic field (MF) on fetal growth is inconclusive and subject to some methodological limitations, particularly in measurement of MF exposure. The present study aimed to examine the association between maternal extremely low…
Exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) has been shown to impact human sperm quality. The epigenetic mechanisms underlying the effect remain unknown. The acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) gene is a sperm-expressed gene encoding the acetylcholine hydrolyzing enzyme acetylcholinesterase and participates in the apoptosis…
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental endocrine disruptor and is found in many consumer products. Studies suggest that BPA may perturb pubertal development, although evidence on BPA-influenced pubertal height growth is scarce. A total of 754 children aged 9-18 years…
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most common endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) with a ubiquitous presence. Both animal and human studies have reported the association between maternal exposure to BPA and anogenital distance (AGD) in offspring. However, the results are…
Discontinuation of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is much more common than what is reported in randomized, double-blind clinical trials. Our purpose in this retrospective study, using a prescription database, was to compare the continuation rate among women who took cyclic…
Bisphenol A (BPA), an exogenous endocrine-disrupting chemical, has been shown to alter DNA methylation. However, little information is available about the effect of BPA exposure on DNA hydroxymethylation in humans. The objective of the present study was to examine whether…
There are limited studies on the effects of paternal alcohol consumption, before conception, on the reproductive development of offspring. Anogenital distance (AGD), the distance from the center of the anus to the genitals, is a sensitive biomarker of reproductive hormone…
The goal of this study is to understand the incidence of extremely preterm birth and associated adverse health conditions and growth abnormality.
Magnetic field (MF) non-ionizing radiation is widespread and everyone is exposed to some degree. This prospective cohort study of 913 pregnant women examined the association between high MF exposure and miscarriage risk. Cox (proportional hazards) regression was used to examine…
Animal studies suggest that bisphenol A (BPA) may perturb pubertal development in females. However, evidence from human studies is limited. This was a cross-sectional study to investigate the association between BPA exposure and pubertal development in school-aged girls. A total…
The objectives of this study are: 1) To measure the association between in utero exposure to prescription opioids during early pregnancy and primary neurulation defects. 2) To evaluate whether the risk of primary neurulation defects (i.e., craniorachischisis, anencephalus, and myelomeningocele)…
To conduct a feasibility study to see if topiramate use during pregnancy increases the risk of cleft palates.
This study has the following aims: 1) Assess prenatal, intrapartum and infant antibiotic exposure in relation to atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and asthma. 2) Assess bias due to reverse causality, confounding by early life respiratory infections, and confounding by unmeasured…
The impact of high apparent temperature on spontaneous preterm delivery: a case-crossover studyBACKGROUND: Despite the prediction that temperatures are expected to increase in the future, little is known about the health effects of increasing temperatures on pregnant women. The objective…
The study is to determine (1) whether treating depression during pregnancy will reduce the risk of adverse pregnancy and pediatric outcomes; (2) which treatment is more effective in reducing these risks.
This is a population-based two-stage cohort study that will take advantage of a new KPNC region-wide program of peripartum screening for depression which annually screens about 33,000 pregnant women for depression twice during pregnancy and once post-partum. The study will…
To conduct a feasibility study to see if topiramate use during pregnancy increases the risk of cleft palates.
The goal of this study is to develop a perinatal depression registry to assess the relationship between prenatal depression and preterm delivery, and whether these relationships differ by race or ethnicity. Additionally, we will evaluate whether treatment for prenatal depression…
This study is to determine: 1) whether treating depression during pregnancy will reduce the risk of adverse pregnancy and pediatric outcomes; and 2) which treatment is more effective in reducing these risks.
Few studies have examined maternal modifiers of temperature and adverse birth outcomes because of lack of data. We assessed the relationship between apparent temperature, preterm delivery (PTD) and maternal demographics, medical and mental health conditions, and behaviors. A time-stratified case-crossover…
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental endocrine disruptor and is found in many consumer products. Animal studies suggest that BPA may perturb pubertal development in males, although studies in humans are limited. This study investigated the association between BPA exposure…
Environmental BPA exposure has been shown to impact human sperm concentration and motility, as well as rodent spermatogenesis. However, it is unclear whether BPA exposure is associated with alteration in DNA hydroxymethylation, a marker for epigenetic modification, in human sperm.…
Data from previous studies have suggested a possible association between antibiotic use in infancy and risk of childhood obesity, with implications for health-care delivery and obesity prevention strategies. However, whether the observed association was due to antibiotic use or underlying…
Exposures during the prenatal period may have lasting effects on maternal and child health outcomes. To better understand the effects of the in utero environment on children's short- and long-term health, large representative pregnancy cohorts with comprehensive information on a…
Being small for gestational age (SGA), a foetal growth abnormality, has a long-lasting impact on childhood health. Its aetiology and underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Underlying epigenetic changes of imprinted genes have emerged as a potential pathological pathway because…
Sulfonamide antibacterials are widely used in pregnancy, but evidence about their safety is mixed. The objective of this study was to assess the association between first-trimester sulfonamide exposure and risk of specific congenital malformations. Mother-infant pairs were selected from a…
Eczema is frequently the first manifestation of an atopic diathesis and alteration in the diversity of gut microbiota has been reported in infants with eczema. To identify specific bacterial communities associated with eczema, we conducted a case-control study of 50…
The present study examined the association between residential indoor remodeling and poor semen quality. Sperm donors aged 18-45 years old were recruited in Shanghai, China. Semen specimens were collected and analyzed. An in-person interview was conducted to obtain information on…
The associations between Bisphenol-A (BPA) exposure and reproductive hormone levels among women are unclear. A cross-sectional study was conducted among female workers from BPA-exposed and unexposed factories in China. Women's blood samples were collected for assay of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),…
We evaluated the feasibility of asking pregnant women to self-collect and ship respiratory specimens. In a preliminary laboratory study, we compared the RT-PCR cycle threshold (CT) values of influenza A and B viruses incubated at 4 storage temperatures (from 4…
In-utero exposures through adverse fetal programming are emerging as an important contributing factor to the epidemic of childhood obesity. This study examines the impact of in-utero exposure to caffeine on the risk of childhood obesity in offspring. A prospective study…
We measured birth prevalence of major congenital malformations (MCMs) after topiramate use during pregnancy to screen for a possible signal of increased risk. Using four healthcare databases, we identified three cohorts of pregnant women: cohort 1, used topiramate during the…
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a suspected human endocrine disruptor which is widely used. In order to determine whether urine BPA level is associated with serum reproductive hormone levels among male adults, we carried out a cross-sectional study in China. We…
The objective of the study was to identify characteristics of influenza illness contrasted with noninfluenza acute respiratory illness (ARI) in pregnant women. ARI among pregnant women was identified through daily surveillance during 2 influenza seasons (2010-2012). Within 8 days of…
To assess the effects of depression and antidepressant medication use during pregnancy on the risk of preeclampsia. We conducted a retrospective, population-based cohort study that linked automated clinical and pharmacy databases including comprehensive electronic medical records of 21,589 pregnant Kaiser…
Objectives. To assess the relationship between infections and the risk of pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods. We conducted a nested case-control study of 501 incident cases aged ?17 years and 9,442 controls who were members of Kaiser Permanente Northern…
To examine the risks of genital herpes and antiherpes treatment during pregnancy in relation to preterm delivery (PTD), we conducted a multicenter, member-based cohort study within 4 Kaiser Permanente regions: northern and southern California, Colorado, and Georgia. The study included…
First marketed in the USA in 1996, topiramate (TPM) is an antiepileptic drug later approved for migraine prophylaxis, and in 2012 for weight loss in combination with phentermine. Some studies indicate an elevated prevalence of oral cleft (OC) in infants…
Research on alcohol consumption during pregnancy and miscarriage spans over three decades, yet the relationship is still not well-understood. To assess the relationship between volume and type of alcohol consumed during pregnancy in relation to miscarriage. We utilized data from…
Pregnant women and their infants are vulnerable to severe disease and secondary complications from influenza infection. For this reason, annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all pregnant women in the United States. Women frequently cite concerns about vaccine safety as…
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of maternal antidepressant exposure on first- and second-trimester maternal serum markers for aneuploidy. We conducted a 10-year retrospective cohort study within a large health care organization. Pregnant women diagnosed with…
Bisphenol A (BPA), a suspected reproductive biohazard and endocrine disruptor, released from plastics is associated with ED in occupationally exposed workers. However, in rats, despite the induction of hypogonadism, apoptosis of the penile corporal smooth muscle (SM), fat infiltration into…
To assess the risk of adverse fetal outcomes following exposure to individual immunosuppressive drugs in pregnant women with chronic immune-mediated diseases. Health plan data were obtained from the Tennessee Medicaid and Kaiser Permanente Northern California and Southern California claims databases,…
Although vaccination with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) is recommended for all pregnant women, no vaccine effectiveness (VE) studies of TIV in pregnant women have assessed laboratory-confirmed influenza outcomes. We conducted a case-control study over 2 influenza seasons (2010-2011 and…
Current knowledge of racial disparities in healthcare utilization and disease outcomes for ulcerative colitis (UC) is limited. We sought to investigate these differences among Caucasian, African American, Asian, and Hispanic patients with ulcerative colitis in Kaiser Permanente, a large integrated…
To explore the correlation between maternal magnetic field (MF) exposure in daily life and embryonic development. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 149 pregnant women who were seeking induced abortion of unwanted pregnancies. Participating women were asked to wear an…
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor with potentially harmful effects on humans. However, epigenetic mechanisms that modulate the effects of BPA remain unclear. Methylation of long interspersed nucleotide elements (LINE-1) is a marker of genome-wide methylation status. This study…
To evaluate the prevalence, trends, timing and duration of exposure to antiviral medications during pregnancy within a US cohort of pregnant women and to evaluate the proportion of deliveries with a viral infection diagnosis among women given antiviral medication during…
Bisphenol A (BPA), released from plastics and dental sealants, is a suspected endocrine disruptor and reproductive toxicant. In occupationally exposed workers, BPA has been associated with erectile dysfunction (ED). To determine whether long-term exposure to high doses of BPA in…
Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in women of reproductive age, occurring in up to 8 % of pregnancies. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of asthma medication use during pregnancy in a large…
Research on medication safety in pregnancy often utilizes health plan and birth certificate records. This study discusses methods used to link mothers with infants, a crucial step in such research. We describe how eight sites participating in the Medication Exposure…
This study aims to estimate the prevalence of and temporal trends in prenatal antipsychotic medication use within a cohort of pregnant women in the U.S. We identified live born deliveries to women aged 15-45 years in 2001-2007 from 11 U.S.…
PURPOSE: To evaluate the validity of health plan and birth certificate data for pregnancy research. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted using administrative and claims data from 11 U.S. health plans and corresponding birth certificate data from state health departments.…
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a potential endocrine disruptor impacting metabolic processes and increasing the risk of obesity. To determine whether urine BPA level is associated with overweight/obesity in school-age children, we examined 1,326 students in grades 4-12 from three schools (one…
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the extent of antiepileptic drug (AED) use in pregnancy, particularly for newer agents. Our objective was to assess whether AED use has increased among pregnant women in the US, 2001-2007. METHODS: We analysed data from…
BACKGROUND: Pregnant women were at increased risk for serious outcomes of 2009 pandemic influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (influenza A[H1N1]pdm09) infection, but little is known about the overall impact of the pandemic on neonatal and maternal outcomes. METHODS: We identified…
BACKGROUND: The majority of studies that report early life risk factors for pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) do not account for potential confounding, which can lead to spurious associations and incorrect inferences. AIMS: To assess the relationship between prenatal and…
We conducted a prospective study to examine whether in-utero exposure to magnetic fields (MFs) increases the risk of childhood obesity. Participating women carried a meter measuring MF levels during pregnancy and 733 of their children were followed up to 13…
The objective of this study was to assess whether women who do not take multinutrient supplements during early pregnancy are more susceptible to the effects of low-to-moderate alcohol consumption on preterm birth and small-for-gestational-age birth (SGA) compared to women who…
BACKGROUND: Bisphenol-A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor with widespread human exposure. The effect of in utero BPA exposure on human offspring remains largely unknown. METHODS: Anogenital distance (AGD) of sons of workers who did or did not have occupational BPA…
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether maternal exposure to high levels of magnetic fields (MFs) during pregnancy is associated with the risk of asthma in offspring. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. SETTING: Kaiser Permanente Northern California. PARTICIPANTS: Pregnant Kaiser Permanente Northern California…
To examine the effect of in utero BPA exposure on the birth weight of offspring, a total of 587 children from families in which parent(s) did or did not have occupational exposure to BPA were examined. Their birth weights were…
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is conducting an observational study of 300-500 women infected with influenza during pregnancy. Women are being recruited from members of the Kaiser Permanente health plan in 2 metropolitan areas before and during…
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether urine bisphenol-A (BPA) levels are associated with lower semen quality. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Four regions in China where high exposure to BPA in the workplace existed. PATIENT(S): 218 men with and without BPA exposure in…
OBJECTIVE: To examine a reported association between use of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors during the first trimester and risk of malformations in offspring. DESIGN: A population based, retrospective cohort study linking automated clinical and pharmacy databases including comprehensive electronic…
The adverse effect of bisphenol-A (BPA) on the male reproductive system observed in animal studies has not been well examined in human populations. BPA is potentially a serious public health problem because of its widely detected presence in the human…
BACKGROUND: Animal studies have suggested that bisphenol-A (BPA) is a potential human endocrine disrupter; but evidence from human studies is needed. METHODS: We conducted an occupational cohort study to examine the effect of occupational exposure to BPA on the risk…
We conducted a population-based case-control study among healthy sperm donors to study exposure to magnetic fields (MFs) and poor sperm quality. All participants wore a meter to capture daily MF exposure. After controlling for confounders, compared to those with lower…
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether multivitamin supplements modify the relationship between alcohol consumption during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage. STUDY DESIGN: We used data from a population-based cohort study of pregnant women (n=1061; response rate=39%). Participants were asked about their…
The objective of the study was to describe the background bisphenol A (BPA) levels in urine and serum of a Chinese population without occupational exposure and to examine the personal characteristics influencing these levels. Workers from 10 factories and their…
BACKGROUND: The impact of prenatal depression on pregnancy outcomes is largely unknown. METHODS: We conducted a population-based prospective cohort study among pregnant women of the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program to examine the impact of prenatal depression on the risk…
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess ambient Bisphenol A (BPA) levels in workplaces and urine BPA levels of workers. METHODS: Workers in epoxy resin and BPA manufacturing factories were recruited. Personal samples for airborne BPA were taken…
OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors influencing a woman's acceptance of the expanded alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) test. METHODS: A population-based case-control study. All women (age < 35) who declined the expanded AFP test were identified as eligible cases. Controls were randomly selected…
OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between room ventilation during sleep and risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). DESIGN: Population-based case-control study. SETTING: Eleven California counties. PARTICIPANTS: Mothers of 185 infants with a confirmed SIDS diagnosis and 312 randomly selected…
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to examine whether the risk of miscarriage is associated with caffeine consumption during pregnancy after controlling for pregnancy-related symptoms. STUDY DESIGN: This was a population-based prospective cohort study. RESULTS: An increasing dose of…
BACKGROUND & AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine whether pregnancy outcomes differ between women with and without inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to determine what risk factors adversely affect outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study of…
OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between use of a dummy (pacifier) during sleep and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in relation to other risk factors. DESIGN: Population based case-control study. SETTING: Eleven counties in California. PARTICIPANTS: Mothers…
OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to examine our hypothesis that the transmission of parentally shared human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles to offspring increases the risk of preterm delivery. METHODS: A population-based family study with participating children and their parents was conducted…
To examine whether hot tub or whirlpool bath use during pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriage, the authors conducted a 1996-1998 population-based prospective cohort study at the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program in Oakland, California. Of 2729 eligible women, 1063…
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether prenatal use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with increased risk of miscarriage. DESIGN: Population based cohort study. Prenatal use of NSAIDs, aspirin, and paracetamol (acetaminophen) ascertained by in-person interview. SETTING: Kaiser Permanente Medical Care…
To assess the association between infant sleeping position and risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in an ethnically diverse US population, the authors conducted a population-based case-control study in 11 counties in California from May 1997 through April 2000.…
To study the effect of magnetic fields on the risk of miscarriage, we conducted a population-based prospective cohort study among pregnant women within a large health maintenance organization. All women with a positive pregnancy test at less than 10 weeks…
BACKGROUND: Few data are available on the outcome of neonatal sepsis evaluations in an era when intrapartum antibiotic therapy is common. METHODS: We identified all newborns weighing >/=2000 g at birth who were ever evaluated for suspected bacterial infection at…
To determine whether maternal exposure to pre-eclampsia/eclampsia during pregnancy increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in offspring, we conducted a population-based case-control study using the California linked birth and death certificate data. All infants who died of…
To determine whether changing paternity affects the risk of preeclampsia or eclampsia in the subsequent pregnancy and whether the effect depends on a woman's history of preeclampsia/eclampsia with her previous partner, a cohort study was conducted based on 140,147 women…
To determine whether placental abnormality (placental abruption or placental previa) during pregnancy predisposes an infant to a high risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), the authors conducted a population-based case-control study using 1989-1991 California linked birth and death certificate…
I studied whether changing a partner, and thus changing the likelihood of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) sharing between mating partners, affects the risk of preterm delivery in the subsequent pregnancy. I identified a total of 128,239 women who had two…
I studied the relation between a maternal history of subfertility and the risk of congenital urinary tract anomalies (CUTAs) in a case-control study. I defined subfertility as having unprotected intercourse for more than 12 months without getting pregnant at any…
BACKGROUND: Recent evidence suggests that transient neurologic symptoms commonly follow lidocaine spinal anesthesia. However, information concerning factors that affect their occurrence is limited. Accordingly, to evaluate many potential risk factors, the authors undertook a prospective, multicenter, epidemiologic study. METHODS: On…
OBJECTIVE: To measure gynecologic resources required to care for women who have unexpected vaginal bleeding while using hormone replacement therapy (HRT). DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study based on review of medical records. SETTING: A large health maintenance organization. PATIENT(S): We…
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