Metformin Initiation and Early Adherence among Kaiser Permanente Northern California Members with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes

Aim 1: Identify patient-level predictors of metformin treatment during the year following type 2 diabetes diagnosis. Examined factors will include: demographics, such as age, race/ethnicity, gender, and rural versus urban; clinical characteristics, such as A1c at diagnosis, diabetes-related comorbidities (hypertension, renal disease), number/type of other medications used, and gastrointestinal comorbidities (irritable bowel, H. pylori); and other care-related factors, such as medication copays, in-person visit copays, flu vaccination (proxy for openness to traditional treatment approaches), length of Kaiser Permanente Northern California membership, and primary care physician (PCP) contact/empanelment time.
Aim 2: Identify provider-level predictors of early metformin treatment during the year following type 2 diabetes diagnosis. Examined factors will include: ordering provider type, such as PCP vs. other medical doctor versus other (e.g., population manager); PCP characteristics, such as PCP-member race concordance, PCP years in practice, and number of type 2 diabetes patients in panel; and primary Kaiser Permanente Northern California facility.

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